Sources: what was checked and what remains open
The Hebrew review dated 19 October 2026 recorded 25 full-text records, four abstracts/details-only records and three books checked for bibliographic details only. Source 8 includes two texts. The review label does not mean a source represents all fraud. This English translation preserves those dated review records; it is not a new source audit.
Sources cited in this section (13)
[1] Youngs, D., & Canter, D. (2012). Narrative Roles in Criminal Action: An Integrative Framework for Differentiating Offenders. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8333.2011.02011.x
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. A conceptual framework, not a diagnosis or proof of a particular impersonator's thoughts.
[2] The Police Foundation (2023). Understanding the Characteristics of Serious Fraud Offending in the UK - 25 cases and 104 known participants. police-foundation.org.uk
Full text checked in the Hebrew review.
[3] Gordon, G. R., Rebovich, D. J., Choo, K.-S., & Gordon, J. B. (2007). Identity Fraud Trends and Patterns (CIMIP, Utica College) - 517 closed cases, 933 defendants, 2000-2006. utica.edu
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Internal arrest-data discrepancy: 655/922 versus 602/859. Both figures are shown without choosing between them.
[4] Soares, A. B., & Lazarus, S. (2024). Examining fifty cases of convicted online romance fraud offenders. Criminal Justice Studies, 37(4), 328-351.
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. 50 cases from one local unit. The corrected online text was also checked; the separate correction notice did not load.
[5] Whitty, M. T. (2013). The Scammers Persuasive Techniques Model. British Journal of Criminology, 53(4), 665–684. doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt009
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Interviews with 20 victims. The description of stages was corrected and generalisation to all scams avoided.
[6] Stajano, F., & Wilson, P. (2009/2011). Understanding Scam Victims: Seven Principles for Systems Security. UCAM-CL-TR-754. cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-754.html
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Cited only within the scope described in the text.
[7] Wolfe, D. T., & Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The Fraud Diamond: Considering the Four Elements of Fraud. The CPA Journal.
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. A conceptual occupational-fraud model, not a prediction test.
[8] Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency. Also: Lazarus, S., Hughes, M., Button, M., & Garba, K. H. (16 January 2025). Fraud as Legitimate Retribution for Colonial Injustice: Neutralization Techniques in Interviews with Police and Online Romance Fraud Offenders. DOI: 10.1080/01639625.2024.2446328
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Both texts were checked. The newer paper was published in 2025 and concerns Ghana. Illustrations are not quotations.
[9] Lea, S., Fischer, P., & Evans, K. (2009). The Psychology of Scams: Provoking and Committing Errors of Judgement (OFT 1070).
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Cited only within the scope described in the text.
[10] DeLiema, M., Langton, L., Brannock, D., & Preble, E. (2024). Fraud victimization across the lifespan: evidence on repeat victimization using perpetrator data. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 36(3), 227-250.
Abstract and details only. 1.33 million payers to US mail scams. Does not prove the same offender returns, or that reporting prevents repeat harm.
[11] Bank of Israel: financial-fraud guide / public warning on impersonation (updated 19 November 2024). boi.org.il
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Guidance on contact you did not initiate, not a blanket ban on every code in every call.
[12] Tickner, P., & Button, M. (2021). Deconstructing the origins of Cressey’s Fraud Triangle. Journal of Financial Crime, 28(3), 722-731.
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Critical review: Cressey did not use the phrase fraud triangle. It should not become a prediction tool.
[13] U.S. Federal Trade Commission (06.2026). Reported Losses to Imposter Scams in 2025 - US reporting data, not an estimate of all losses worldwide. ftc.gov
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. FTC reports in the US only. $3.5 billion in imposter-scam losses in 2025.
Further reading and background (19): not the basis of claims in the body
[14] Snook et al. (2008). The Criminal Profiling Illusion. Criminal Justice and Behavior. doi.org/10.1177/0093854808321528
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[15] Snook et al. (2007). Taking Stock of Criminal Profiling. Criminal Justice and Behavior. doi.org/10.1177/0093854806296925
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[16] Canter et al. (2004). The Organized/Disorganized Typology of Serial Murder: Myth or Model? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(3). doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.10.3.293
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[17] Canter, D. V., & Youngs, D. (2009). Investigative Psychology: Offender Profiling and the Analysis of Criminal Action. Wiley.
Book details only, not full text. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[18] Rebovich, D. J., Allen, K., & Platt, J. (2015). The New Face of Identity Theft: An Analysis of Federal Case Data for the Years 2008 through 2013. Utica College.
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[19] Khadka, K. et al. (2023). A Survey on the Principles of Persuasion as a Social Engineering Strategy in Phishing. IEEE TrustCom, 1631-1638.
Abstract and details only. Title corrected; not a basis for a claim in the section.
[20] Cornish, D. B. (1994). The Procedural Analysis of Offending and its Relevance for Situational Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 3. popcenter.asu.edu
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[21] Dehghanniri, H., & Borrion, H. Toward a More Structured Crime Scripting Method. IEEE REW 2016, 94-97. UCL: 2017. DOI: 10.1109/REW.2016.030
Abstract and details only. Conference year 2016; publication year in the UCL record is 2017.
[22] Europol (2026). IOCTA 2026: The Evolving Threat Landscape - Strategic review, not predictive research on an individual. europol.europa.eu
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[23] Cressey, D. R. (1953). Other People's Money: A Study in the Social Psychology of Embezzlement. Free Press.
Book details only, not full text. Book details verified through a book review. Attribution in the body was replaced with sources 17 and 27.
[24] Harrison, A., Summers, J., & Mennecke, B. (2018; online 2016). The Effects of the Dark Triad on Unethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 153, 53-77.
Abstract and details only. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[25] Konnikova, M. (2016). The Confidence Game: Why We Fall for It... Every Time. Viking.
Book details only, not full text. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[26] Whitty, M. T. Predicting susceptibility to cyber-fraud victimhood. Journal of Financial Crime. DOI: 10.1108/JFC-10-2017-0095
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Empirical research with 11,780 participants, not a literature review.
[27] Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (9 February 2026). Selected findings from the 2024 Personal Security Survey, for National Safer Internet Week.
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[28] Duffield, G., & Grabosky, P. (2001). The Psychology of Fraud. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice - Background only.
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[29] NIST (2025). SP 800-63-4, Digital Identity Guidelines - Digital-identity guidance, not research on fraud offenders. csrc.nist.gov
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[30] The Police Foundation (17.02.2026). Invisible Harms: Understanding the Hidden Health Impact of Fraud - Research in specified locations in England. police-foundation.org.uk
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Further reading only; not a basis for a claim in the body of this section.
[31] ACFE (2024). Report to the Nations - Occupational fraud; contrast only.
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. Occupational fraud, not a random sample of consumer fraud.
[32] KPMG (2025). Profiles of a Fraudster - Occupational fraud; contrast only.
Full text checked in the Hebrew review. A commercial report on KPMG investigation cases, not a random sample of all scammers.
Hebrew section reviewed: 19 October 2026. English translation: 27 October 2026. Spotted an error, an update or a new source? Suggest a correction or source.
